Iraq’s Electoral Future: Addressing Fraud and Reform Challenges

Iraq is facing significant challenges in its electoral process as it prepares for the 2025 parliamentary elections. Political factions are divided over electoral amendments aimed at enhancing integrity and transparency. Despite IHEC’s claims of fair elections, widespread reports of vote-buying, use of state resources for political gain, and intimidation tactics undermine public confidence in the electoral system. Proposals for reform, including a mixed electoral approach and redrawing electoral districts, face resistance, leaving substantial improvements uncertain.

As Iraq gears up for its 2025 parliamentary elections, a dispute among political factions regarding proposed electoral amendments threatens the implementation of necessary reforms. While some groups advocate for stricter regulations to ensure vote integrity, others resist changes, raising doubts about the election system’s vulnerability to manipulation by political entities.

Iraq’s electoral legitimacy has long been questioned, despite claims by the Independent High Electoral Commission (IHEC) that its elections are conducted fairly. Opposition groups and international observers consistently highlight issues such as fraud, vote-buying, and intimidation that undermine public confidence in the electoral outcomes.

Wealth significantly influences the electoral process in Iraq, with political parties investing substantial resources to influence voter behavior. Reports of widespread vote-buying are particularly alarming, especially in economically disadvantaged regions. In 2018, studies indicated candidates offered bribes ranging from $50 to $500 per vote, with incentives like food and household items often used to gain support.

This disturbing trend continued into the 2021 elections, where an Al-Bayan Center investigation disclosed that more than $250 million had been allocated for vote-buying tactics. Voters were reportedly offered $100 to $300 for their ballots, with instances of individuals photographing their filled ballots to confirm compliance and receive payment observed. Despite these manipulative strategies, election results remained unpredictable, fueling disputes over alleged tampering.

The contentious nature of the 2021 elections was highlighted by the Patriotic Shiite Movement winning 73 seats while the Iran-aligned Al-Fatah Alliance saw a drastic decline from 48 to 17 seats. Al-Fatah’s Hadi al-Amiri openly denounced the election results as “fabricated,” while Asaib Ahl al-Haq leader Qais al-Khazali described the elections as “the worst in Iraq’s modern history.” Following the results, al-Sadr withdrew his party from the political arena, pledging not to participate in future elections marred by corruption.

Political factions have additionally exploited state resources for electoral advantages. In the lead-up to the 2021 elections, several parties used state-owned media for biased coverage and granted government assistance in exchange for votes. Figures such as the Ministry of Electricity issued temporary contracts to thousands, mainly benefitting allies, thus raising concerns about the interplay between employment and political loyalty.

Furthermore, public land allocations have been manipulated, with numerous plots distributed to influential individuals before the elections as a means of securing electoral backing. More than 15,000 grants were reportedly issued, corroborating claims of corruption influencing the electoral landscape. Analyst Aqil al-Fatlawi warned that without reforms, elections could yield results disconnected from the public will, creating an uneven playing field.

Intimidation tactics from armed groups associated with political parties have also tainted the electoral process. Reports of threats against candidates and disruptions to opposition campaigns have been documented, yielding significant risks for independent candidates. The assassination of political candidate Ehab al-Wazni exemplified the dangers faced by those challenging established power, contributing to widespread fears and early withdrawals from candidacy.

The IHEC has thus far sought to increase electoral integrity through reforms, including biometric voter registration aimed at preventing duplicate and fraudulent voting. As of 2023, over 80% of eligible voters registered biometrically, a substantial increase compared to previous years. Yet, challenges such as coercion and external pressures persist, indicating the need for continued vigilance against electoral malpractices.

In preparation for the 2025 elections, various proposals for reforming the electoral system have emerged, including the introduction of a mixed seat allocation approach. This reform is intended to diminish the influence of wealthier candidates. Electoral reform advocate Aqil al-Fatlawi emphasized the necessity for fair competition for all candidates, while others argued that the core issue rests with ineffective enforcement of existing laws.

The idea of redrawing electoral districts to foster localized competition has also surfaced, yet no formal amendments have been made to the electoral law amidst ongoing political disagreements. Election experts express that while discussions have been held, substantial progress remains elusive, with many lawmakers more focused on personal gain than legislative responsibilities.

Political analyst Abdullah Shalash Al-Kinani suggested that dissolving the current parliament could enhance efficiency and urged for judicial oversight in reforms, underscoring the inclusion of legal experts to ensure fairness and enhance the electoral process for the benefit of the Iraqi populace.

In conclusion, Iraq’s journey toward electoral integrity is fraught with challenges, including rampant vote-buying, intimidation from armed groups, and ongoing political disputes. Although efforts by the IHEC to implement reforms such as biometric registration and international monitoring have been noted, the systemic issues of corruption and coercive tactics continue to plague the electoral process. As discussions regarding potential reforms advance, it is imperative to ensure that any modifications genuinely promote fair competition and reflect the will of the people.

Original Source: shafaq.com