Understanding Ethiopia’s Earthquake and Volcanic Activity: Insights from a Geologist

In January 2025, Ethiopia experienced an increase in seismic activity near Awash Fentale, leading to evacuations due to volcanic eruption fears. This region is part of the Great Rift Valley, a geologically active area with a long history of earthquakes and volcanism. The ongoing geological processes could lead to a continental split and the formation of a new ocean. Enhanced monitoring and community engagement are essential for risk mitigation.

In January 2025, a series of tremors near Awash Fentale in Ethiopia forced thousands to evacuate due to fears of volcanic eruptions. This region is part of the geologically active Great Rift Valley, which has witnessed significant volcanic activity over the past 800 years, including two major eruptions in 1250 and 1820 AD. Currently, geological processes beneath the surface are leading to a potential north-south continental split, possibly resulting in the formation of a new ocean along the East African Rift Valley.

The seismic and volcanic activities in Ethiopia are attributed to tectonic movements that began approximately 18 million years ago when the continents separated to form the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Around 11 million years ago, a crack formed under the Afar Depression region. The ground above sits on a hot, semi-solid layer known as the mantle, where molten rock from below can erupt through weak spots in the Earth’s crust, thereby causing volcanic eruptions.

Along with volcanic events, the movement of molten rock also leads to the formation of rifts as tectonic plates shift apart. This movement can cause sudden breaks in surrounding rocks, releasing seismic energy that causes earthquakes. The Afar region is recognized as one of the most tectonically unstable areas globally, and the recent events in Fentale mark a significant increase in geological activity, with over 200 earthquakes recorded, the strongest reaching a magnitude of 6 on the Richter scale.

Despite the heightened seismic activity, there have been no recent volcanic eruptions. However, the potential for volcanic activity remains due to historical patterns, as earthquakes often precede eruptions. The last documented eruption at Fentale occurred in 1820, raising concerns that recent earthquakes could indicate impending volcanic activity at nearby volcanoes.

Research utilizing satellite radar has shown that the earthquakes in the Fentale area are driven by molten rock rising from approximately 10 kilometers below the surface. Based on various conditions, several scenarios could unfold next: the cooling of molten rock leading to solidification, an eruption as the rock forces itself to the surface, or lateral movement that could interact with existing molten materials, potentially leading to significant eruptions.

As the geological situation remains dynamic, there is a pressing need for enhanced monitoring techniques, including volcanic gas analysis and GPS monitoring, to improve predictions and mitigate risks. Collaboration between scientists and government officials is essential to communicate effectively with at-risk communities to ensure safety and preparedness.

Ethiopia’s geological landscape, particularly in the Afar region, is characterized by active tectonic and volcanic processes due to its position within the Great Rift Valley. Recent seismic activities have heightened the risk of volcanic eruptions, drawing attention to the importance of scientific monitoring and community engagement to prepare for potential hazards. Understanding the relationship between earthquakes and volcanic activity is crucial for developing proactive strategies to protect residents in these vulnerable areas.

Original Source: theconversation.com